Morality and Whistle Blowing - 1142 Words

Whistle blowing Whistle blowing is an attempt of an employee or former employee of a company to reveal what he or she believes to be a wrongdoing in or by a company or organization. Whistle blowing tries to make others aware of practices that are considered illegal or immoral. If the wrongdoing is reported to someone in the company it is said to be internal. Internal whistle blowing tends to do less damage to the company. There is also external whistle blowing. This is where the wrongdoing is reported to the media and brought to the attention of the public. This type of whistle blowing tends to affect the company in a negative way because of bad publicity. It is said that whistle blowing is personal if the wrongdoing affects the†¦show more content†¦De George argues that whistle blowing is permissible, but not required, if you cover the first three steps and mandatory if you cover all five. I do agree with De George and his arguments for whistle blowing. I think it is important to continually try and keep the problem internal no matter what. I feel it is the best way to solve the problem because nobody will get hurt that much by the act of whistle blowing. Using De Georges five steps lays an essential foundation for anyone who feels that there is a considerable problem, which is harmful in nature and needs to be resolved. An employee needs to continually try and keep the problem internal so as not to look disloyal. If the problem continually gets overlooked, than there must be a step taken to make the problem known externally as De George suggests in his fourth and fifth steps. The best solution to this problem may lie between yes and no. One does have a certain moral standard to uphold. This would include blowing the whistle on a company that is hurting others because of unsafe products. This would also include the moral responsibility to provide and care for yours elf and a family. A person does have a moral responsibility to both of these. One way to accomplish both would be to inform the public about the companys wrong doings, but do it anonymously so no one would know who did it. By staying anonymous, you can keep your job and stillShow MoreRelatedThe Foundation Of Morals And Ethics992 Words   |  4 Pagesostracized for speaking out. The act of whistle blowing or in other words â€Å"snitching,† is a controversial topic perceived by some as an act of bravery stemming from a commitment to ethics and to others as a disloyal and untrustworthy action. Whistle blowers play a critical role in government accountability, some whistle blowers are seen as heroes, but others are controversial. Marsha Coleman-Adebayo was an 18 year employee of the US EPA, who blew the whistle on discrimination in addition to a U. SRead MoreCultural Relativism and Whistleblowing869 Words   |  4 PagesExplain using the ethics of cultural relativism the advan tages and disadvantages of whistle blowing Cultural relativism is the principle regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself (Chegg.com: 2012). It is the concept that the importance of a particular cultural idea varies from one society or societal subgroup to another and that ethical and moral standards are relative to what a particular society or culture believes to be good or bad, rightRead MoreThe Foundation For Morals And Ethics991 Words   |  4 Pagesostracized for speaking out. The act of whistle blowing or in other words â€Å"snitching,† is a controversial topic perceived by some as an action of bravery stemming from a commitment to ethics and to others as a disloyal and untrustworthy action. Whistle blowers play a critical role in government accountability, some whistle blowers are seen as heroes, but others are controversial. Marsha Coleman-Adebayo was an 18 year employee at the US EPA, who blew the whistle on discrimination in addition to a U.Read More Ethics801 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Ethics Assignment 1. Is  whistle  blowing  violation  of  positive  duty  to  the  employer/organization?  Under  what  conditions  an  employee  can  justify  such  violation?   How  exactly  is  the  duty of  loyalty  owed  to  the  employer/organization  weighed  against  the  duty  to  the  public  and  larger  society?   Whistle blowing may not always result in negative outcomes for the company/organization. It may also be done in order to identify the flaws present in the current organizational structure which allow peopleRead More Ethical Leadership versus a Written Ethics Code Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesEthics, which is less commonly known to us as moral philosophy, is an affiliation of philosophy that talks about issues of morality, concepts such as crime and justice, good and evil go hand in hand with morality. Ethics plays a major part in society and it is the way people behave in certain situations, over the years it has come under the spotlight through numerous situations. In this essay I will discuss whether a written code of ethics combined with ethics training is more effective than strongRead MoreMoral Ethics1041 Words   |  5 Pagesmost police departments. For instance, when dealing with misconduct within the police department, the most preferred means used are legal means. The other alternative to use in addressing the issues of police misconduct is the application of morality. This means that the police department workforce should be taught extensively on sincere values of truthfulness, loyalty to oath and justice for all. The usual methods that the police department applies in dealing with the occurrence of misconductRead MoreWhistleblowing in The Medical Community Essay example1334 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribes whistleblowing as an act for an employee of revealing what he believes to be unethical or described as an illegal behaviour to a higher management (internal whistleblowing) or to an external authority or the public (external whistleblowing). Whistle-blowers are often seen as traitors to an organisation as they are considered to have violated the loyalty terms of that organisation while some are described as heroes that defend the values and ethics of humanity rather than loyalty to their companyRead MoreA Moral Dilemma2001 Words   |   9 Pagesthat their initial belief was lacking experience. The typical whistleblowers as much as they are loyal employees, only realize when it’s too late that the company does not appreciate bad news. In many cases whistleblowers had intention to blow the whistle but in their opinion see it as duty by acting according to their professional norms (Uys, 2006). Generally, organizations consider whistleblowing as illegal since they believe that whistleblowing is an abnormal act which threatens the profitabilityRead MoreThe Quality of Integrity in Life and Business3249 Words   |  13 Pagesforeground? Would I blow the whistle? I would like to think that I would answer a definite yes to that question but the truth is when one is in the position to either blow the whistle or not blow the whistle there are many outside forces that play into the decision. It is necessary to be reminded that in order to preserve integrity, blowing the whistle is a necessary act when deemed appropriate. In this essay I will explain what types of situati ons require the whistle to be blown and how to determineRead MoreEthical Decision Making : The Code Of Silence919 Words   |  4 Pagesused to defend morality. In the professional arena ethics examines justice, veracity, and develops a code of conduct for the person to follow. Ethical conflicts presented where correction officers purposely, exploiting racial tension by arranging physically assaultive behavior, of rival gang members which was used for sport, entertainment and shooting practice for the correction officers (Dryburg, 2009). Course of Action The two officers (Riggs and Caruso), choose to be whistle blowers and were

Business Project Free Essays

Mike Wardingley Define the term â€Å"the learning organization. †Ã‚   In what ways can the principles of the learning organization strategically impact an organization? A learning organization is one that: -Seeks to create its own future. -Assumes learning is an ongoing and creative process for its members. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Develops, adapts and transforms itself in response to the needs and aspirations of people, both inside and outside itself. – Allows people at all levels, individually and collectively, to continually increasing their capacity to produce results they really care about. A company that cares about development and their future will be a learning organization. Wide profit margins are great but a great company will not only worry about the bottom line, but the personal and professional development of their employees as well. An atmosphere of learning and improvement will also help spurn new and improved processes. Google has become a company that allows the employees to continually improve and fosters creative thinking. The work environment is relaxed and the perks allow the employees to be free thinkers. Companies that put effort and money into the development of their employees will see a much bigger return in the end. Tuition assistance, college loan repayment programs, and during work learning opportunities will keep the employees happy as well as constantly developing into more educated and productive workers. Using the Internet, research the Small Business Administration’s website (www. sba. gov). What different types of financing are available to small firms? Besides financing, what other programs are available to support the growth and development of small businesses? The types of financing that are available to new small businesses are: * Loans * Grants * Bonds * Venture Capital In addition to the financing options, the Small Business Administration has set up a large number of other forms of assistance to make sure a new business has all the tools necessary to succeed. There is an online training program that will help an owner with starting, managing, financing, and contracting the new business venture. The Small Business Administration has also developed programs to help other types of new business owners. The Women’s Business Center was set up to help women start and maintain a successful business. The Veteran’s Business Center was created to help US Military veterans start a new fresh start after leaving military service. The US Export Assistance Center was established to help small businesses with the difficult task of beginning new exports to other countries. This difficult process is tough but made much easier with the help of the SBA. The SBA is a free resource that can help you develop a new business plan and then make a move to start your business and set you up for success. Define the term â€Å"emotional intelligence (EI). †Ã‚   What are the key elements of EI? Why is so important to successful strategic leadership? Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the capacity to reason about emotions, and of emotions to enhance thinking. It includes the abilities to accurately perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth. The four key elements are: 1. Self Awareness 2. Self Management 3. Social Awareness 4. Relationship Management A good manager knows not only who he/she is, but also who each one of their employees is as well. Not just that they have a wife and 2 kids, but knows about what makes them who they are. The likes/dislikes, the personality, the past, and the future goals should be vitally important. This is key to making sure the work center is productive and free of hostility. While opinions will differ, too much dissention and strife can kill not only office camaraderie but production as well. Fostering healthy work relationships can also ensure that office cohesiveness stays on track. While the consequences of unhealthy relationships can be very costly, developing good and healthy relationships with employees can pay off in the end. Knowing each employee on a personal basis can help you better know how to interact with each employee and get the most productivity in return. How to cite Business Project, Essay examples

Rare Rembrandt Rembrandt as Printmaker Essay Example For Students

Rare Rembrandt Rembrandt as Printmaker Essay Several hundred years after he lived and worked,  Rembrandt  remains a celebrity of single-name status; chances are that several hundred years from now his work will endure while that of, say, Yanni might not. Of  Rembrandt  van Rijns 290 etchings, 85 are currently on view, along with additional prints of the era, at UVMs Fleming Museum. The touring exhibition, Rembrandt  and the Art of Etching, has already been seen by perhaps a million viewers in South America, but Burlington is its only North American stop. Afterwards the works will return to the place where most were created:  Rembrandts own home, now the  Rembrandt  House Museum in Amsterdam. The exhibition offers Vermonters an exclusive opportunity to see many of the 17th-century Dutch masters most important works. Reached by phone in Boston last week,  Rembrandt  House curator Dr. Bob van den Boogert was asked, Why Burlington? his answer was simple: Janie Cohen. The Fleming Museum director is the co-author of Etched on the Memory The Presence of  Rembrandt  in the Prints of Goya and Picasso, and much of her research was done in Amsterdam. Cohen has also contributed writings to the  Rembrandt  House. So bringing this historic collection of etchings to Burlington was a natural choice for her Dutch colleague. Van den Boogert will give a talk on  Rembrandt  at the Fleming this Thursday. The exhibition comprises a wide range of subjects, including at least eight self-portraits. In the earliest,  Rembrandt  was in his twenties. The best-known is probably Self Portrait, Leaning on a Stone Sill from 1639. At 33,  Rembrandt  appears an almost foppish young man, as cocky as DArtagnan from The Three Musketeers. But thats an external view. The artists inner world is what makes the show so intriguing, and the medium of etching provides the perfect platform for viewing it. Rembrandt  sold thousands of copies of etchings in his lifetime, and was probably better known for those works than for his paintings. His technical bag of tricks was second to none, and that virtuosity enabled him to exercise the full range of his expressive powers. Insight into  Rembrandts creative process can been seen in the two states of The Three Crosses presented in this exhibition. Figures have been added and removed between the two states, both created on the same copper plate. He also altered his composition by manipulating light and shadow. Another religious print, Christ Healing the Sick from about 1649, illustrates two technical steps in the etching process. A slick ground was applied to the plate, and that ground was drawn through in a very direct way. When etched, the exposed metal created relatively soft lines to be inked. Then  Rembrandt  cleaned and dried the plate before scratching contrasting lines directly into the metal to add finer details to areas such as hands, toes and clothing. Christ Healing the Sick is arguably  Rembrandts most famous etching, and it figures prominently in the artists lore. It is also known as the Hundred Guilder Print, and several explanations have been proffered for that curious moniker. In 1755 a French art dealer said that  Rembrandt  traded an impression of it for an Italian print worth 100 guilders. Another unlikely story is that  Rembrandt  repurchased a copy of the print for that exorbitant sum. Recent scholarship has unearthed a 1654 letter to the bishop of Bruges from a contemporary artist that  Rembrandts prints had sold for 100 guilders on several occasions. That kind of popularity made him a wealthy man, at least for awhile. The Shell (Cornus Marmoreus) of 1650 suggests one reason  Rembrandt  went bankrupt in 1658. Van den Boogert explains that something as exotic as a Cornus Marmoreus shell would have cost the price of a house in Amsterdam. It was practically a 17th-century moon rock, and The Shell   Rembrandts only etching still life was drawn from a specimen in his extensive collection of baubles and fine art. He had also gotten into the almost-unheard-of habit of creating prints for his own enjoyment rather than specifically for sale. The Shell and The Hundred Guilder Print may have been such works. .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d , .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d .postImageUrl , .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d , .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d:hover , .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d:visited , .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d:active { border:0!important; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d:active , .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3b16866a5186c774d00b5dd391fce1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rembrandt EssayEvery piece in this exhibition is notable, but one of the most fascinating is the 1652 print called Faust in most sources. Goethe popularized the story of Dr. Faustus 150 years after  Rembrandts death, so, as van den Boogert suggests, that identification is not undisputed. The alternative title, Practicing Alchemist, is probably more accurate. Either way, the print may indicate that  Rembrandt  had an interest in Jewish mysticism. His opulent Great Jewish Bride print of 1635 appeared one year after his own marriage, and many of his closest friends and patrons were Jews.  Rembrandt  and his wife Saskia also lived in Amsterdams vibrant Jewish quarter . Only one print, a commissioned portrait, is known to have been produced between 1660 and the artists death in October 1669. Like many of his late works, the self-portraits of his final years were moody and introspective. This can be seen in his self-portrait from age 42, in which the artist holds an etching needle to assiduously trace his own aging features. He is wearing plainer clothes than in younger years, and sits in a dark room with only one light source an open window to his right. That  Rembrandt  is the man who became immortal.

Study Guide Huckleberry Finn Essay Example

Study Guide Huckleberry Finn Essay 1. How does Huck solve the problem of forgetting his name? Bets Buck that he cant spell his name, and does, so then he knows his name George Jackson 2. What does Huck think of the Grangerfords? Of their home? He thinks their home is really nice and he really likes the family 3. Huck often makes interesting observations. His comment on Emmeline Grangerford is, â€Å"I reckoned that with her disposition she was having a better time in the graveyard. † What does this shows about Huck? She focused so much on death and people dying that he figured she was in the place she always wanted to be, she was happier there. 4. Why had Emmeline died? Sickness Chapter 18 1. What is the cause of the feud between the Grangerfords and the Shepherdsons? Its been going on for 30 years, no one remembers what started it, beyond a legal dispute over land 2. Which side started the shooting? Jason Zhangs side 3. Why is Twain so vague about it? No one can remember how or why the feud started, but in the last year, two people have been killed, including a fourteen-year-old Grangerford. The two families attend church together and hold their rifles between their knees as the minister preaches about brotherly love. 4. Buck tells Huck, â€Å"There ain’t a coward amongst them Shepherdsons – not a one. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide Huckleberry Finn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide Huckleberry Finn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide Huckleberry Finn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And there ain’t no cowards amongst the Grangerfords either. † What are the drawbacks to this sort of courage? 5. Why is the topic of the Sunday sermon â€Å"satiric†? the sermon was about brotherly love, and the 2 families are killing each other in a feud 6. What has happened to Jim since the last time Huck has seen him? Jim followed Huck to the shore the night they were wrecked, but did not call out to him, for fear of being caught. Some slaves found the raft Jim was on, but he reclaimed it by threatening the slaves and saying it belonged to his white master. 7. What does Miss Sophie do? runs off with Harney Shepardson . What happens to the various Grangerfords? Sophia Grangerford runs off with one of the Shepardsons and a gunfight ensues that kills some of the Grangerfords. 9. What does Huck do? Chapter 19 1. Read aloud Huck’s description of river life that begins, â€Å"Two or three days and nights went by; I reckon I might say they swum by, they slid a long so quiet and smooth and lovely. † What causes Huck’s new appreciation of life on the raft? the peacefulness of the river, the scenery, the beauty, the ease of living 2. The peaceful interlude on the raft is disturbed by the arrival of the duke and the dauphin (the king). Describe these two â€Å"rapscallions. † liars, con-men, running away from people 3. When the duke and the dauphin first got on the raft, why did they talk to each other and ignore Huck and Jim? They are trying to out do each other in rank to decide who is in charge and who will sleep under the tent. 4. Huck says, â€Å"It didn’t take me long to make up my mind that these liars warn’t no kings nor dukes at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds. † Why does he pretend to believe them? Huck quickly realizes that the two men they let onto the raft are liars, but to prevent quarrels, he does not let on that he knows. Chapter 20 1. How does Huck explain Jim to the duke and the king? He tells them that his family was hit by a steamboat while they were riding down the Mississippi, and that only he and Jim survived. 2. How do the king and duke treat Huck and Jim? Duke and King has treated Huck and Jim as their own personal servants. Rate This Answer 3. What does the king do at the camp-meeting? cons people for $87 pretending to be a reformed pirate 4. How does the duke arrange for them to travel in the daytime? This chapter paints a fuller picture of the two hitchhikers that Huck and Jim have taken aboard. You will remember that the Gragerfords were first characterized through their possessions. How are these two men drawn? prints a reward poster for Jim they tie him up so it looks like they are returning him Chapter 21 1. What are the king and the duke getting ready for? performing a play Romeo and Juliet 2. what kind of a town is Bricksville? Not a good place always looking for lynching someone. 3. Why had Boggs come to town? to kill Colonel Sherburn. 4. What did the â€Å"loafers† think of Boggs’ threats? do not take his threat very seriously, 5. Describe the murder of Boggs. Col. Sherburn shoots him down while he is drunk 6. How did the townspeople react to the murder? They are going to lynch Col. Sherburn Chapter 22 1. Why did the â€Å"Lynching Bee† fail? Because Sherburn tells them they are not men, just a mob and cowards. 2. What does Sherburn think of the men in the mob? Sherburn says the men in the mob are beneath pitiful-ness. Sherburn thinks the men are cowards. 3. Is he right? 4. Sherburn’s speech is the only place in the novel where the point of view shifts for nay length of time. Why, at this point, does Twain let Sherburn take over? We need Sherburn to speak because he is a MAN, Huck wouldnt be able to have the same effect on the reader. 5. Why does Huck enjoy the circus so much? pleasant relief from the king and the duke and the problems helping Jim escape. 6. How successful is the Shakespearean Revival? The Shakespearean Revival that is put on by the duke and the dauphin in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not very successful. The characters dont really care if its successful though as they are using it for a cover to scam people. 7. How does the duke plan to get an audience for the low-comedy presentation? 8. Compare the incident at the circus with the shooting of Boggs. In what ways are the situations similar? How does Huck’s response differ from the crowd’s in both instances? They are both drunk, they are both in danger. With Boggs, he is curious, with the circus hes afraid for the man Chapter 23 1. Why doesn’t the audience â€Å"take care of† the king and the duke after the first performance? 2. What happens on the third night? 3. Discuss Huck and Jim’s comments on royalty in this chapter. Is it believable for Huck to know so much history? Explain. 4. Why is Huck amazed at Jim’s mourning his home and family? 5. What does the story of ‘Lizabeth show about Jim? Chapter 24 1. Why is Jim dressed up like a sick Arab? 2. Huck’s last statement in this chapter is, â€Å"It was enough to make a body ashamed of the human race. † What is Huck talking about? 3. How does Twain make it believable for the two rogues to impersonate the Wilks brothers? Chapter 25 1. Huck describes the tearful scene at the Wilkses as the most disgusting thing he has ever seen. Does he mean only the king’s performance? 2. Why does the king give the money to Mary Jane? 3. Have the â€Å"rapscallions† hood-winked everybody? Chapter 26 1. What decision does Huck make? . What are the plans of the king and the duke? Chapter 27 1. Where did Huck hide the gold? 2. Describe the undertaker. 3. Where is the humor in Huck’s observation, â€Å"There warn’t no more popular man in town than what the undertaker was†? 4. How are the king’s plans progressing? Chapter 28 1. What is special about Mary Jane? 2. Why is she the only person to whom Huck tells the truth? Chapter 29 1. Why do the men decide to dig up the corpse? 2. Huck concludes the chapter by saying, â€Å"So I wilted right down onto the planks then, and give up; and it was all I could do to keep from crying. † What’s bothering Huck? Chapter 30 1. Why are the king and the duke fighting? 2. Why do they get back together? Chapter 31 1. What do the king and duke do to Jim? 2. Why does Huck write Miss Watson? 3. Why does he tear up the letter? 4. Huck has rebelled against civilization before. At Miss Watson’s he smoked, played hookey, and left his room nights to sleep in the woods. What is different about this decision? 5. Tearing up the letter to Miss Watson has been described as one of the great moments in American history. A southern boy breaks free of the social convention that surrounds him and risks his soul to free a Negro slave. Why is Huck just the boy to tear up that letter? 6. Discuss the implications of Huck’s conclusion, â€Å"All right, then. I’ll go to hell. † 7. Huck again encounters the duke. What happens? Chapter 32 1. What is Huck’s new name? 2. Why is that convenient for Huck? Chapter 33 1. Why is Huck surprised at Tom’s willingness to rescue Jim? 2. Why is Tom willing to do it? 3. What new identity does Tom assume? 4. How does Huck feel when he sees the king and duke tarred and feathered? 5. Do they deserve his pity? 6. Why is Huck so annoyed with his conscience? 7. Does the fact that both Tom and Huck are on the plantation add to or detract from the plot? Chapter 34 1. How did Tom figure out where Jim was? 2. Compare Huck’s plan for freeing Jim with Tom’s 3. What does Huck think of Tom’s fancy touches? 4. What are the dangers of Tom’s approach? 5. Some critics think that Jim’s rescue is an inappropriate ending to the novel. They wonder how Huck, with his new maturity, can consent to Tom’s foolish scheme. Do you agree with these critics? Why or why not? Chapter 35 1. What is the whole chapter, â€Å"Dark, Deep-Laid Plans† about? Chapter 36 1. Huck says, â€Å"When I start to steal a nigger, or a watermelon, or a Sunday-school book, I ain’t no ways particular how it’s done so it’s done. † How would Tom feel about this statement? 2. Why does Jim agree to go along with everything? 3. What’s Nat’s problem? Chapter 37 1. What is the topic of conversation at the breakfast table? 2. How does Tom manage to get the things he needs for the escape? 3. Describe the baking of the witch pie. Chapter 38 1. What is the irony involved in the fetching of the grindstone? 2. Why does Tom try to talk Jim into keeping a pet rattlesnake? Rats? . What purpose does this chapter serve? 4. Describe Jim’s ordeal. Chapter 39 1. Why does Tom write anonymous letters? 2. What does he say in them? Chapter 40 1. What does Huck find when he goes into the setting-room? 2. When the butter melts down Huck’s face, what does Aunt Sally think it is? 3. What one thing really goes wrong in the escape? 4. When Huck says, â€Å"I knowed he was white inside, and I reckoned he’s say what he did say,† what is he talking about? Chapter 41 1. Why doesn’t Huck go with the doctor? 2. How does he explain his absence to Uncle Silas? 3. What is Old Mrs. Hotchkiss’ theory? 4. Why doesn’t Huck go check on Tom that night? Chapter 42 1. Why don’t they hang Jim? 2. What does the doctor think of Jim? 3. What does Tom tell Aunt Sally? 4. Why had Tom worked so hard to set Jim free when he was already free? 5. Who arrives on the scene to really straighten things out? Last Chapter 1. What were Tom’s plans concerning Jim after he was free? 2. What does Huck find out about his father? 3. Does it seem right that Huck has been an orphan all along? 4. Where is Huck bound for at the end of the novel? 5. Why does Huck reject civilization?

General Electric GlaxoSmithKline

General Electric GlaxoSmithKline Changes in Technology That GE Has Undertaken in Product and Process General Electric (GE) built Local Growth Teams (LGT), which was a process change of the manufacturing technology that the company has always used. The new process shifts the focus of production to where the company has a high potential of selling its commodities.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on General Electric GlaxoSmithKline specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, LGT allows GE to build latest offerings, which are separate from the items that are already in its inventory. Previously, all subsidiaries of GE worked as part of the whole company; however, fresh subsidiaries under the LGT structure operate as new companies. Therefore, their interaction within the organization occurs as a form of partnership enabling them to obtain necessary resources when needed, and still maintain their autonomy for operation (White and Bruton 2-3). The com pany also introduced the concept of ecomagination. This was another method innovation in the use of technology. It merged the generation of energy and the process of manufacturing vehicles that use the spawned energy. The innovative process of production gave general electric the ability to create new opportunities, which increased its products value and their market demand (White and Bruton 4). GE also undertook product innovation changes. In the first case, the company used a system-integration approach for existing products to improve them and increase their market share. While developing LGT structures, GE used applied research methods to utilize existing knowledge, about the products in its inventory to develop first-hand products.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The up to date products by LGT improve the firm’s market position in emerging countrie s that lack a sustainable market for its traditional products. Therefore, the above example illustrates the use of systems integration as a type of innovation. For example, the company applies the same basic research that developed ultrasound machines technology to develop portable ultrasound-machines in India and China. The firm also re-engineered its work progression. Instead of controlling the processes of LGT from once central location, GE allowed all LGT to operate independently and consolidate their functions as individual companies. This ensured that the organization was deleting all unnecessary hindrances in management levels and work. The above innovation was an example of using applied technology to create altered merchandises. The company introduced new-fangled products, which lead to new opportunities in emerging markets. At the same time, the company introduced the modern process of researching and manufacturing that concentrate of its high-growth market. Combination of Technology and Management General Electric has made changes to its organization, which gives it a market advantage when using technology. The firm altered its structure where necessary like in the case of LGT. It also reviewed its personnel policies and leadership. The firm created local teams that understand the needs and challenges of specific markets. This allowed the company to come up with products that are relevant and cost-effective in their respective markets.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on General Electric GlaxoSmithKline specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization holds patents to various technologies and allows its local growth teams to exploit the patents and come up with new products. To achieve this objective, the firm reorganized its management roles and objectives to realign them with technology. The new orientation implied that policy and leadership bend towards a technology that fit t he business the company wants to grow in (White and Bruton 4). Strategic Concerns for GE in Future As General Electric extends its global presence, it should also seek to develop new customer relationships in its existing markets. The company should not take for granted markets where its strategies are already doing well. Technological innovations often lead to the loss of a company’s competitive advantage. For example, fresh technology might render a product obsolete or cut its production costs and force companies to reduce their prices or face the wrath of recent entrants to the market. So while GE is shifting its power to where the growth is, it should also look at existing markets that are not growing but are under threat of disruption by technology. As GE expands its manufacturing capabilities in new markets, it should also look at its capabilities more closely. Its competitors will soon copy its innovative processes of fabrication and come up with competitive outputs. T he company must ensure that the introduction of toned-down alternative products, in unknown markets, does not make it appear to be neglecting the demands, of the market. Otherwise, it might suffer a backlash on its products as consumers seek to fulfil their needs with better products from competitors. As the firm realizes high returns in new markets, it should not become a victim by defending its market share when other firms introduced superior products.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology and Product Changes to Monitor The firm should monitor the technologies that alter the demand of its products or render them obsolete. It should also monitor processes that tear down geographical boundaries or market barriers. These processes will either remove its competitive advantage of exclusivity or allow it to tap fresh value-creating ideas. It should look at processes that allow existing technologies to serve additional purposes, and lead to new commodities (Tidd, Pavitt and Bessant 17-21). Marketing and Technology Balance General Electric maintained a balance of its marketing efforts and technology by managing its technology and innovation as the core of its production. The company used technology to produce products of distinctive capabilities and costs. Having varied versions of the same product allowed the company to serve a wider market, including fewer traditional areas. The company also followed other technology developments within the industry but leveraged its expertise and network to create new products that eventually earn it a significant market share. GE bought technology when it realized that the development of its own technology would take time or was expensive. The firm bought other firms that already had the technology it was eyeing, or the marketing capabilities that increased its market share (White and Bruton 2-4). Special Planning Needs for GSK GSK needs to plan how to diversify its global business while it continues to simplify the operating model of the firm. The firms need to plan how to retain its competitiveness of producing new products. Therefore, it needs to reorganize its research and development area to make them more efficient. The firm needs to build an internal innovation foundation, which will support innovation. It needs processes that allow knowledge to transfer among its eight broad areas of focus. As it generates ideas and products, the firm also needs to manage them at any given time. Thus, the firm req uires an efficient evaluation process. During the planning phase, GSK needs to consider its technology and innovation strategy in relation to its dominant competitive position. It needs to look at how processes, operations and systems are influencing its capabilities. Thereafter, it should examine ways to alter its organization structure to take advantage of the knowledge for internal innovation. The company has to coordinate its operations globally to ensure the outputs for customers, stakeholders and competitors become valuable data for processing in its RD areas, which will strengthen its competitive position. Industry Trends for Consideration GSK should look at entrant companies in the eight market areas that make up its focus. The mint companies increase the competition for the existing market share and may come with new technologies, which disrupt the dominant position of GSK. In addition to checking for newcomers, the company should also observe how existent products are infl uencing the economic inefficiency that exists within the industry. When all inefficiencies cease to exist, it will no longer be profitable, for the firm to continue innovating in the particular focus area (Zahra and Ali 105-106). The firm should look at epidemic trends of neglected diseases that form the core of its research focus. The trends assist the firm to plan on the scale of resources that it should commit. The trends also provide information that might be replicable in the development of drugs for similar diseases. Above all, the company should monitor breakthroughs in treatment technologies and medical combinations. Up to date processes and products will allow the firm to introduce modern ways of using their existing technology or come up with fresh products. GSK can be innovative enough to beat its competitors in the race of introducing new products. However, the firm also needs strong retail presence to sell and grow its market share. Therefore, the company should monitor mergers and acquisitions within the production channel. It should also keenly follow the changing preferences of retailers as state requirements influenced them in their respective countries. Lastly, GSK should monitor regulatory conditions that govern the administration of health care. Often, official directives lead to the abandonment of a product in favour of another. In other cases, users develop the resistance to a specific combination of medication and require new types. The firm should look at medication resistant trends. Critical Implementation Issues The allocation of over 10 per cent of revenues on research and development was critical to the company’s development of high mid-size products. The firm needed to support its innovation and marketing efforts an appropriate financial budget to make it sustainable (Betz 51). If it had not allocated funds to develop mid-size products, then it would be exposing its strategic advantage when its successful products become obs olete. Therefore, the allocation of ten per cent of revenues, on the product, research was important in the firms diversification strategy (White and Bruton 71). Without the research and development of mid-size products, the firm would fail on its strategy of delivering more products of value. Having a constant stream of new products ensures that the firm is competitive and profitable. If it instead concentrated on a few big-size products, then it would succumb to cyclic periods of good and bad performance (Betz 51). The quest for the market leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry obliges firms to remain innovative even when they are enjoying the market dominance. Besides, new diseases and their resistance are always emerging; therefore, it is paramount that the firm allocates substantial revenue to research and development. Another critical implementation issue is the return on innovation policy. Without a criterion for justifying the development of a specific product, t he firm would waste resources on areas that do not meet its expectations. For a company generating so many products in a particular period, proper control of its inventory is important to ensure that the production resources do not go to waste (White and Bruton 72-73). Influence of Changes Made in 2008 The changes made in 2008 that created Discovery Performance Units will accelerate the implementation of the firms critical issue of competitive advantage. For example, in line with the research and development of mid-size products, DPU will reduce the organizational inefficiency associated with decision-making in large organizations. In addition, concentration on particular focus areas by the DPU will enable GSK to develop better quality products and reduce research mistakes that come with diverse interests. Funding guarantees for DPU also give them a security of tenure, which allows them to plan and implement research and development calendars without financial interruptions. The eli mination of short-term discontinuances will ensure that GSK achieve its goal of providing the best science and products to consumers. The 2008 restructuring allows the firm to continue benefiting from innovations and continue developing capacities for more novelties in the future (White and Bruton 73). After the new introductions of 2008, project management at GSK has become more decentralized. The dispersion makes the firm more adaptable to emerging trends within the industry. It allows the research to focus on different technologies without compromising the firms already dominant position in specific products. Special Evaluation Needs GSK needs to determine whether the innovations coming from its research labs, and the subsequent product developments, will be successful, in the market. The firm has to know how many products it intends to produce over a given period and offer them in the marketplace. It also needs to define the quantity of each product line. The company needs to lo ok further than sales and profits when it evaluates its long-term strategy concerns. The evaluation should focus on how its products are relating to their substitutes, in the market. GSK already has strategies for its business and needs to evaluate their effectiveness and relevance in the industry. The corporation has to know if the growth of a diversified global business contributed to its dominant position. Secondly, its strategy of delivering products of more value should be evaluated against the need for making profits. Lastly, it should evaluate its efficiency strategy to see if there are additional avenues for reducing costs or increasing value. The use of an internal innovation strategy has the most influence on how well GSK evaluates its progress. The cross-fertilization of ideas encouraged by the company is also crucial for knowledge transfer with aids decision-making within the firm. The sharing of information among departments assisted the company to reorganize its operat ions in 2008. It will continue to influence the evaluation of progress within the firm. Control Systems for GSK GSK obtains much of its competitive advantage from its human capital. Therefore, it needs human-resource system to control the exploitation of human capital (Verburg, Ortt and Dicke 54). The system would assist the firm to control the compliance of its employees and increase their commitment to its goals. The company also needs a balanced scorecard system to increase the efficiency of inter and intradepartmental transactions and services (Sisaye 37). The company has many product lines and needs a just-in-time technology (JIT) system. The system will reduce transaction costs and other costs that arise from the production, distribution and sales processes. As it continues to develop products from preventing disease, the company also needs to prevent its operations from causing harm to its environment. An environment system, which reports the organizations impact on its ecolo gy, will assist it to create more value without violating environmental laws of specific countries. Betz, Frederick. Managing Technological Innovation: Competitive Advantage from Change. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, 2003. Print. Sisaye, Seleshi. The Ecology of Management Accounting and Control Systems. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Print. Tidd, Joseph, Keith Pavitt and John Bessant. Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons, 2005. Print. Verburg, Robert, Roland Ortt and Wilhelmina Margaretha Dicke, Managing Technology and Innovation: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2006. Print. White, Margaret A and Garry D Bruton. The Management of Technology and Innovation: A Strategic Approach. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Zahra, Shaker A and Abbas Ali, The Impact of Innovation and Technology in The Global Marketplace. New York: International Business Press, 1994. Print.

A Way Of Thinking By Entrepreneurs Business Essay

A Way Of Thinking By Entrepreneurs Business Essay Successful companies are driven by visionary people in an effective and efficient way, those people are called entrepreneurs. The Oxford Dictionary provides the entrepreneur concept as â€Å"a person who undertakes an enterprise or business with probability of gain or loss, a contractor who acts as an intermediary, a person who assumes effective control of a business venture. It comes from the French word Entreprende or undertake†. Glancey and Mc Quaid (2000) define them as the protagonists of the process of entrepreneurship The entrepreneur is a leader, who sees opportunities where others see nothing, or only see difficulties. The entrepreneur makes a commitment that leads him to develop an unknown practice to solve a variance in small or large scale, A Entrepreneur will achieve recognition by pleading responsible to solve the problem and meet people who have similar interests. One aspect that should be present in an entrepreneur is: Believe in their own abilities, knowledge and skills, evaluate them, and be consistent with them at all times, these aspects provide confidence in themselves and in what the entrepreneur exposes as business idea These definitions are pointing to the entrepreneur as a person who seeks a reward assuming some risk (potential loss). Basically, the entrepreneur senses a need and then meets of the manpower, materials and capital needed to meet that need. In essence, an entrepreneur creates an organization as a means to offer something new to customers, employees or other stakeholders. Some entrepreneurs use information available to everyone, to produce something new. According to Timmons (1970) the creation and success of a company is not only necessary to administer and manage. The current business generation needs to be led, so organizations need to rethink their culture and practices. Direct them to seek dynamic processes, aimed at the opportunity, where there is the presence of a leader and business team: creative, careful a nd moderate resources, integrative and holistic vision, in order to establish a balance between all the driving forces The entrepreneur is the main engine of capitalist economic development. According to Schumpeter the benefit of the employer is justified by being an innovative ability to create wealth. If the economic system is in equilibrium, all factors of production are paid according to their marginal productivity (Schumpeter,  1934) Characteristics of an Entrepreneur à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Entrepreneurship. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Vision and imagination creative and innovative. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Need for achievement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Perseverance and dedication. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Teamwork. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Comprehensive view of market needs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢leadership For example we can mention a current entrepreneur who gained a great market space: Andrew Mason, 29 years, is the creator of Groupon, the web coupons, which became successful with a simple innovative idea .One of the fastest growing compa nies in history, according to Forbes. After saying no to Google, which offered U.S. $6,000millions, they now have a value of U.S. $950 million.Its creator explains why the success of the company very simply: â€Å"We won a commission, customers pay less for the product and associated companies get a return on a large scale for their products and services.†(gruopon.com) Effectuation – Tool of Entrepreneurs

Identity is a Production which is Never Complete Essay

Identity is a Production which is Never Complete - Essay Example Ann Frank writing was little known in the twentieth century but it has been gradually been identified and the identity of Anne Frank as one of the best writers of her time. Stuart Hall posits Ann Frank diaries by revealing the identity via rethinking of the placing and corresponding repositioning of the Nazi regime. Drawing of the spatial and temporal metaphors of the diaries implicitly and concurrently compare the society in broader sign system thus acting as the signifier of identity link of the intertextually of the prevailing texts. Hall wholly suggests that the Nazi is neither an isolatable and independent location that exists within a social and historical vacuum nor the corresponding past separable from the current universe. Anne Frank is self-subjecting strategy from the corresponding art making of the institutional network practice. Moreover, the category error of Anne Frank does not entail distinction and thus does not permit clear modalities of thought around the diverse sets of practices to develop. Anne Frank’s identity covers thinking beyond the mid-1990s that mainly emphasis on the underlying movement amidst places as a significant aspect of migration cultures. Failure of Anne Frank recognition was mainly linked to the engagement of the post-colonial migrational culture and it mainly entails willful misrecognition of the prevailing significance of the set of cultures that contributed to the constitution of the conditions of modernity in the cultural institution's operation. The continued misrecognition, undervaluing the production of the cultural value and form in the art practices of the early twentieth century hindering numerous personalities from knowing the real identity of Anne Frank.

Various Perspectives and Opinions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Various Perspectives and Opinions - Essay Example Biometrics technology has been widely employed in governments and corporations worldwide for security, particularly since the terrorist attacks of 9 September, 2001. Travel documents have security features which use biometrics to identify and verify. Airports and government agencies alike have used these technologies to screen passengers so as to ensure security of all passengers and verify their passes. It has also been used in forensics by the police to verify signatures used when signing credit receipts. This technology has been extended to elections, where voters would be barred from voting more than once, a similar application as for those being verified to access welfare benefits (Cole, 2005). Biometrics technology systems have been largely accredited for assuring citizens of their security. With screening at airports and borders of various countries, only persons that do not pose a security threat would be travelling and get to a particular destination as required. Corporation s have also appreciated the importance of this technology in keeping data safe and allowing authorized access only. The citizens who have been susceptible to fraud would better appreciate the importance of fingerprint biometrics technology. ... The FBI later retracted the case and admitted that the results were erroneous despite having been confirmed by about five senior latent fingerprint officers. More so, Opinion Research Foundation (2002) found out in his research that adults were skeptical that information stored in biometrics systems would have been used in ways to threaten their privacy. Since the technology involves use of radiations, health practitioners have had reservations on the eventual implications on the health of the public. For instance, iris biometrics uses near infrared radiation which would be illuminated to the iris so as to obtain the right data. The fear has been that retinal scanning could damage tissues in the eye. This argument has persisted despite the assurance from technologists and radiologists that the radiation is too weak to cause considerable damage to body tissues. Contact sensors have also been widely viewed as being contaminated. Since these sensors would be used by various persons, the risk of contamination by various microbes could be probable. But most organizations regularly irradiate UV light on these sensors so as to sterilize them. There are technologists who have however argued the lack of sense in this argument as the same persons who raise these fears use door knobs and rails on a daily basis which present a similar risk. Workers also feel that these systems have inhibited their movement at work places as their employers monitor their movements in corporations where they have to log in and out of work areas using biometric systems. Albeit the public has its reservations on the use of biometrics technology, it has still been widely utilized with Opinion Research Foundation (2002) finding that 82% of adults in America have at least one ID

Teleconnection patterns Essay Example for Free

Teleconnection patterns Essay 1. Explain how observed teleconnection patterns can help in the preparation of a seasonal weather forecast. So the simple way of explaining a teleconnection is a warmer and cooler pacific can influence rainfall. â€Å"we saw how a vast warming (El Nià ±o) or cooling (La Nià ±a) of the equatorial tropical Pacific can affect the weather in different regions of the world† (Ahrens, 2015, p.271). These major storms as we learned in earlier chapters affect people in many regions of the world. A seasonal forecast is very important because it gives people a chance to prepare for what could possibly be. Forecasters can give a prediction of a wetter or drier season. They have said that this type of forecasting has been seen to be very keen in this field of work. If we can predict weather patterns for the upcoming months will only prevail for regions abroad. This will only prepare us for the worst and hope for the best. 2. If the temperature is dropping and the dew point is holding steady, what is your forecast for the relative humidity? Explain your answer. Let’s first understand what a dew point is. The dew point is basically the temperature at which the if it cool’s to a certain temp you will get hundred percent relative humidity. If the dew point drops low enough the cold air won’t be capable of holding the moisture. If the temperature is dropping and you have a stable dew point I would predict a higher amount of relative humidity. The lower the dew point dropped is when you decrease in relative humidity. If you had a hot summer day and a steady dew point; you would actually had a lower relative humidity. 3. In what ways are severe thunderstorms different from ordinary cell thunderstorms? What are some of the meteorological or atmospheric conditions that favor the development of severe thunderstorms? The basics of a thunder storm are fairly easy, because they consist of thunder, lightning, winds, rain and heavy hail at times. â€Å"The storm itself may be a single cumulonimbus cloud, or several thunderstorms may form into a cluster† (Ahrens, 2015, p.288). Thunderstorms form in unstable environments with warm air. They are known as convective storms. Cell thunderstorms form in regions where limited vertical wind shear is present. The winds direction  or speeds do not abruptly change rapidly. Ordinary storms develop and mature through a cycle, as cell thunderstorms don’t have this development. Different conditions vary from warm air rising, random turbulent eddies and terrain. These are a few that can be a trigger to these more impactful storms. 4. Where do thunderstorms form most frequently in the US? Why is this the case? Is this also where most tornadoes occur? Explain. The most area that gets thunderstorms more frequently is the Gulf Coast. This area includes all of Florida, to include parts of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. â€Å"We also find that, in summer along the Gulf Coast, a thick layer of warm, moist air extends upward from the surface† (Ahrens, 2015, p.303). This also makes a point that more storms consuming Hail are located in the Great Plains. Thunderstorms typically form more in the tropical latitude, which makes the gulf coast a prime location. The two areas that tornados occur most is the Tornado Alley and the Dixie Alley. Tornado Alley stretches from Central Texas to Nebraska, as Dixie Alley over Mississippi to Alabama. â€Å"The Central Plains region is most susceptible to tornadoes because it often provides the proper atmospheric setting for the development of the severe thunderstorms that spawn tornadoes† (Ahrens, 2015, p.313). This area gets that humid dry air with a cold layer to follow which creates the perfect formula for a unstable environment. This makes Spring a high frequency for tornados and winter the low time for them to occur. 5. The region of greatest tornado activity shifts northward from early spring to summer. Why does this occur? This is really interesting because the peak for tornados is actually around June 12th. This makes early spring a probability between 25-60 percent. When you hit June the probability jumps through the roof to 90 percent. The biggest possibility for the shift is â€Å"El Nino†, but there is not an actual confirmation on why this shift happens. The next possibility is the warming weather moving north is shifting the peak period by 7-10 days. This making Dixie Alley and Tornado Alley more susceptible to tornados during that peak time.

College Students and the Media :: Research Essays

College Students and the Media With my initial research, I sought to find out whether or not college students were informed of the news in the community and world. My results were inconclusive, and through a case study (below) I shifted topics to the attitudes of college students towards the news-media. Through a case study, interviews, and surveys I found that college students have mixed views towards the news-media. The news-media influences how many people think on a certain topic. If news-media reports and accounts are biased, people may be manipulated to believe things that are not true or factual. People, from superstars to the president, can be portrayed as good, evil, selfish, crazy, intelligent, etc. The news-media can use propaganda to illicit these feelings of like or dislike. The responsibility of the news-media is huge. Some blame school violence and shootings on the media. Others criticize the news-media for copy-cat crimes or crimes purposely committed for the attention of the news. But on the other hand, we trust the news-media will keep us accurately informed of events in the world and community. On Tuesday, September 11, 2001, we all sat with teary eyes glued to the television set, watching the news; did we trust what we heard? Case Study The purpose of this case study was to see what a college student is more interested in. I sat down with a college student, Grace, and presented her with two sources of news and information. The two selections were The Indiana Gazette and Star magazine. By doing this case study, I hoped to learn whether this student was more interested in community and world news or gossip in tabloids. I instructed Grace to read through them as she pleased, taking as much time as she wanted. While she was reading I asked her questions about why she chose an article, or why she thought it was interesting. She read the newspaper for an hour and five minutes.

Linear and staff management

Managers have different titles in various organizations. No matter what the label is, there is a difference in authority between line and staff management. There are two basic kinds of management positions: line and staff. Linear Management Staff Management 1 . The most common of all formal relationships in organizations today is the supervisor-subordinate one.This line or operational supervisor, whatever his title, has the power and authority to direct the actions of the subordinate who is accountable for carrying out certain duties. . The supervisor might use any one or combination of many management styles in working with his staff, but he will see that there are results. It's those results that produce revenue, whether it's profit from a business or non-profit grants from the government. 1. The staff manager or supervisor is in a position that supports line management.He is usually a specialist of some kind. Examples are the manager of the IT department, and the director of HR. 2 . Managers in these positions do not have the authority to tell the line staff how to do the work for which the organization exist. Instead, the taff manager or supervisor is responsible for making sure all the supports are in place so the line staff are hired, trained, equipped and supported while they carry out the actual operations. 3. Staff management authority is very different from line management authority.While the line manager makes sure that there is revenue, the staff manager often has to spend that money to support further operations. This can lead to tensions in the workplace, especially when there is no clear understanding of the difference in the authority of the positions. Relationship Between Line and Staff Management ere are four ways of looking at the relationship a staff manager has with a line manager. Prescribe. To do this, a staff manager can prescribe certain procedures in his specialist area.For example, he can develop and implement recruiting policies and p rocedures that are used across the organization. The line manager is expected to follow those organizational procedures unless he has a solid rationale for within his specialization. For example, a line manager might propose that two of his staff attend certain management courses. The staff manager of the training section can concur with or veto this proposal as it is within his specialty. Be heard. A staff manager has the right, the authority, to participate in the discussions, if not the decision-making, pertaining to his specialty.For example, the manage in HR maybe not have a veto vote on a new recruit, but he does have the right to voice his opinion on the suitability of the candidate. Be informed. This function authorizes the staff manager to be informed within certain areas of activity. A common example of this is the position of director of finance. An operations, line manager has full authority to spend funds as he pleases within his budget, but he is required to keep the d irector of finance informed.

An Investigation Into the Differences Between Retail and Investment Banks Essay

Over the past decades, retail banks have remained the main commercial bank for consumers, rather than corporations or other banks. The investment bank has become more popular amongst individuals, corporations and governments which are interested in raising their profits. Retail banks and investment banks have different organizational structures and activities. So they have many differences, such as services, customers and profits. And this report aims to distinguish between the retail bank and the investment bank in order to identify their specific service areas. Firstly, the author will review some literature focusing on the definitions. Secondly, the author will illustrate the differences between them from their target activities and functions. Retail banks offer a range of services to individual customers and small businesses, rather than to large companies and other banks. These include: savings and transactional accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards and credit cards. An investment bank is a bank which specializes in providing funds to corporate borrowers for startup or expansion and does not accept deposits but provides services to those who offer securities to investors, and to those investors themselves. It may also assist and support companies which are involved in mergers and acquisitions, and provides ancillary services such as market making, trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange, commodities, and equity securities. From the definitions above, it clearly shows that the two types of bank provide substantially different services to customers. As a normal customer, I think the retail banks are better than the investment banks. And there are three advantages of the retail banks. Firstly, the retail banks have more branches than the investment banks. For example, Lloyds TSB Bank is a retail bank in the United Kingdom, and according to Lloyds TSB website, the bank has nearly 1,900 branches across the UK. This means that you can find the branches of TSB almost everywhere. So you can deal with some normal business easily, the branches of retail banks can be found almost everywhere. For example, you want to make emergency loans, you do not have enough time to find an investment bank to make loans, so you must choose the retail banks. Moreover, the retail banks can supply some services which the investment banks do not provide. When you want to transfer from one account to another account, you can not go to the investment banks, because the investment banks do not offer this kind of service. Therefore, if you want to deal with some normal business (such as savings, mortgages and credit cards) at a bank, it would be better to choose the retail banks. The Royal Bank of Scotland is one of the retail banking is part of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group, and together with NatWest and Ulster Bank, provides branch banking facilities throughout the UK. And it can provide almost every service that the retail banks have. So it has a good reputation in Scotland. Finally, the risk of retail banks is relatively lower than the investment banks. You can get money from the rate of interest which can be higher than the other banks. Such as Barclays Corporate which belongs to the Barclays Group and provide these kinds of services (such as savings, transactional accounts, mortgages, debit cards, credit cards). It offers a service called monthly savings which is its regular savings plan that allows you to save regularly over 12 months, and you can get higher interest rates are paid where no withdrawals have been made in the previous month. This means that you can get high fixed interest of up to 3. 25% AER / 3. 20% in months when no withdrawals are made. And the revenue of the retail banks is stability and fixed. So you do not need to pay more attention to the asset in the retail banks. These advantages of the retail banks are the reasons why the retail banks are better as a normal customer. As an advanced person or a company, I think the investment banks are better. There are also many advantages of the investment banks which usually provide services for the company. First of all, most of the investment banks are global company and it can provide services more widely than the retail banks. Such as Morgan Stanley is a leading global financial services firm providing a wide range of investment banking, securities, investment management and wealth management It reports US$779 billion as assets under its management. Its headquarter located in Midtown Manhattan , New York City. It has companies in 37 countries with over 1,200 offices, employees dedicated to local businesses, government agencies, institutions and individuals. So the investment banks can provide the services (such as trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange and commodities) all over the world. Secondly, the revenue of the investment banks significantly more than profit of other types of banks. If you save your extra money in the retail banks, you can only get the interest from the rates. But if you sand your money to the investment banks you can get remarkable returns although it has a high risk. For example the Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American investment bank and securities. And it provides mergers and acquisitions advice, underwriting services, asset management, and prime brokerage to its clients, which include corporations, governments and individuals. Amazingly, the company in US profits reached a record $ 13. 39 billion in 2010, on average common shareholders’ equity rate of return is 22. 5%. At last, the investment banks also can provide some special services that the retail banks do not offer. For instance, it can supply a particularly serving called â€Å"financial advice† what can make financial of a company more reasonability and determine the future line of development. UBS AG is a diversified global financial services company, with its main headquarters in Basel and Zurich, Switzerland and UBS is present in all major financial centers worldwide. With â€Å"Premier Advisory Services†, UBS offers you the opportunity to schedule individual one-on-one consultations with CEFS experts who understand your equity-linked compensation as an integrative part of your total wealth management, know about the different plan vehicles and can support you on issues such as â€Å"How can I best align my equity-linked compensation with my total wealth management† or â€Å"When should I exercise, which strategy is the best†.

The Cars Engine essays

The Car's Engine essays The function of a cars engine is to make a car move. Engines come in a variety of strengths and speeds. All modern engines are made of essential parts. A description of the engines design illustrates its function. The core of the engine is the cylinder. The piston moves up and down inside the cylinder. The engine described here has one cylinder, but engines vary from four all the way to twelve. In a multi-cylinder engine the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways: inline, V or flat (also known as horizontally opposed or boxer). The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur. The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly. A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder. Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The rings serve two purposes: they prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from leaking into the sump during compression and combustion, and they keep oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost. Most cars that "burn oil" and have to have a quart added every 1,000 miles are burning it because the engine is old and the rings no longer seal things properly. The combustion chamber is the area where compression and combustion take place. As the piston moves up and down, you can see that the size of the combustion chamber changes. It has some maximum volume as well as a minimum volume. The difference between the maximum and minimum is called the displacement and is measured in liters or CCs (Cubic Centimeters, where 1,000 cubic centimeters equals a liter). So if you have a 4-cylinder engine and each cylinder displaces half a liter, then the entire engine is a "2.0 liter engine." If each cylinder displaces half a liter and there are six cylinders arr...

Marginal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marginal Analysis - Essay Example Please revise with a more specific explanation. Please revise to include a clear and direct relationship between marginal revenue and total revenue. B.1. The submission does not provide an adequate explanation of the relationship between marginal cost and total cost. Please revise to include a clear and direct relationship between marginal cost and total cost. F.1. The essay does not clearly explain what a firm would do with respect to output decisions if marginal revenue is less than marginal cost. Please revise to address whether the firm should increase or decrease production. Definition. Marginal revenue is defined as the additional revenue obtained from selling one more unit of the good that he produces (William Boyes and Melvin, Michael, 2002, p. 202-205). To better understand it, let us present it in the form of a graph.(see graph l) We have here a demand graph showing the quantity of a certain item the consumers are willing to buy at a certain price. At price of $10, people are willing to buy 100 pcs. Total revenue $1000 It is blue area under the demand curve. People will not buy more if the price is increased, and in order to sell more, price must be dropped. It is important to be aware of the demand curve to understand the marginal revenue because it will show how much the producer needs to lower the price in order to sell another item. Demand curve is the slope going down (D) The relationship that exists between the two is the additional revenue that is given by producing another unit of production. It can further be related as the unit revenue the last item has sold , or how much is the contribution to revenue of the last item sold The causaL relationship that exist is for each item sold, marginal profit = marginal revenue – marginal cost. And if MR IS greater than MC at a certain point of output, then profit is positive; and the same relationship exists when MR is less than MC result is

Qualitative research and questionnaire design Essay

Qualitative research and questionnaire design - Essay Example In its simplest sense, emotional branding pertains to that type of strategy which gives paramount importance to the emotions, most especially that of the consumers. Nowadays, members of the corporate world have recognized the importance of Corporate Branding. Big companies such as Victoria’s Secret, Coca-Cola, Godiva and Starbucks have all resorted to the use of emotional branding to attract more customers. Basically, emotional branding denotes one thing: that is, to place the customers at the core of the marketing strategy rather than focusing too much on the product (Berrada 2010; Gobe 2010). Pertinently, it is the goal of emotional branding to ensure the development of customer loyalty by making sure that the brand dominates its competitors with respect to the attention given by the customers (Travis 2000). Generally, emotional branding gives importance to the five senses of the consumers. Hence, advertisements focus on these, making sure that the customers connect not just with the product being advertised but to the brand as well. Hence, through emotional branding, the consumers are perceived to have the capacity to connect more to the brand. In this regard, the connection of the customers and the brand results to a greater profit for the company or manufacturer concerned (Gobe 2010; Taher 2006). The use of emotional branding then appeals to the internal aspect of the consumer. It is basically more concerned with the use of abstract concepts yet at the same time, yields to results that are concrete (Berrada 2010; Norman 2005). Evidently, not much research has been successful in determining why emotional branding results to customer satisfaction. It was considered as the marketing trend of the current generation (Gobe 2010; Passikoff 2006). Because of the competition dominating in the business arena, companies must not only tell their consumers what they need; instead, they must focus on the different reasons why the latter needs to obtain this (Desg rippes, Hellman and Gobe 2007; Norman 2005) This research generally focuses on emotional branding in the case of one of the most successful brands in the whole world: Starbucks. Undeniably, Starbucks has been considered as one of the most successful companies that have carried out the emotional branding strategies. Its products appeal to its consumers, enjoy high name recall, and finally, experience high degrees of customer loyalty (Gobe 2010; Mennen 2010; Passikoff 2006). In fact, Starbucks has been considered as the benchmark for mainstream coffee houses in view of its ability to market its products by promoting the social status that it gives. In this regard, this research draws on the perceptions of the customers of Starbucks with respect to aspects of emotional branding carried out by the corporation as well as the successfulness of the said strategies in the attainment of the following results: (1) appeal of the products to the customers, (2) high name recall, and (3) customer loyalty (Dorfmeister 2003; Gobe 2010). To attain the said objectives, this research employs the use of the qualitative approach to research, focusing on the use of the interviews in the form of questionnaires to obtain the pertinent data for this research. Literature Review Having established the main objective that this paper seeks to attain, this section then focuses on the review of pertinent literature with respect to emotional branding. Generally, this literature review focuses on three pertinent issues,

The Protection of Animal Rights According to Carl Cohen Research Paper

The Protection of Animal Rights According to Carl Cohen - Research Paper Example Carl Cohen is a professor of philosophy. He is well known for his prominent contribution in philosophy. Carl argues that animals have no rights. He says that animals are not part of a community of moral agents. He continues to mention that animals are incapable of answering on moral issues. These animals, therefore, do not and can not have rights. Cohen’s views use of animals in lab experiments as not a violation of animal rights. The reason being they have no capacity to make moral claims. Cohen asserts that, although animals have no rights it’s, our duty not to cause unnecessary suffering to animals. Before we preside further, we should have a clear definition of rights and duties. A Right is a potential claim, practised in a moral community. Duty is a social obligation to perform something for legal or moral reasons. These definitions will help in building a defence case against Carl’s argument that animals don’t have rights. According to Carl, for one to have moral claims he or she must have autonomy. The demand for moral claim shows that you have a right. This implies that if you lack autonomy, you don’t have rights. This view lacks truth in it. The argument brought by Cohen is that some humans lack rights, for example, the Senile. The right of someone should be the duty to others. For example, if you have a right to privacy it would be the duty of your neighbour not to interfere with your privacy. In a world where people who have duties and not adhere to them, the people have no rights. It should be noted that the duty of someone does not entail the right of another.

Fertility decline has repercussions far beyond those of changing Essay

Fertility decline has repercussions far beyond those of changing population growth rates. Discuss - Essay Example the current situation of Iran and Saudi Arabia as it pertains to the decline, and will also contrast the situation in these countries in respect to demographic behaviour and specific repercussions. Fertility decline has repercussions far beyond those of changing population growth rates. Already clear is the increasing influence of the media in Islamic countries. This is quite obvious from role the media played in Iran’s family planning. It is due to the media’s influence that smaller families became more popular in the first place. Thus, it is quite simple to see that Muslims are becoming more focused on the media, especially as it pertains to family and social developments. Saudi Arabia is another Middle Eastern country that is situated across the Persian Gulf. Saudi Arabia has also experienced a recent decline in fertility, but for different reasons, and there are contrasting political, social, and economic situations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. During the seventies and early eighties, the Islamic Republic of Iran had a pro-natalist policy, meaning that it encouraged families to have larger families. In the late eighties, the Iranian cities began to be seriously overpopulated. This problem directed The Islamic Republic of Iran to take action by way of family planning in 1989, which led to a dramatic drop in fertility. Saudi Arabia has been influenced by economic hardship as well, and the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has recently begun to decrease. Politically, the Saudi Arabian government has not directly influenced fertility rate in any way, however, indirect political influence is a possibility The increasing education of women in Islamic countries seems to play a large part in the fertility decline. The more educated the woman, the fewer births she is likely to have. Iran has recently begun to increase the amount of education available to women. As the amount of education rises, less births occur. In Arabia, the educational status of women has

Using The Case Scenario Of Bertram Family Social Work Essay

Using The Case Scenario Of Bertram Family Social Work Essay Part 1: Indicate two sociological theories that can be used to help your understanding of the service users situation In taking the time to observe how sociological and psychological influences may impact on a service user or client group, the social worker can remain mindful of the wider context of a situation and not just take what she sees at face value. This knowledge allows the social worker to remain objective and to make informed decisions in order to maintain professionalism in her work. By applying Sociological and Psychological theory to the Bertrams case study I aim to explore the wider social context, outside influence and psychological implications from the past and present. Through this exploration I will uncover the varying viewpoints and sometimes contradictory nature of these theories. To gain a Sociological perspective on the case study I will be applying Functionalist and Feminist theories. I will be able to scrutinise the Bertrams current situation and apply the theory in order to gain a wider understanding of the social context. In order to maintain a balanced viewpoint, Psychod ynamic theory and Maslows hierarchy will enable me to consider the psychological impact with a focus on human and emotional development. By examining a situation from a Sociological perspective we can take into account how various aspects such as class, social structure, religion, disability can impact people from a wider social context. This is essential in gaining a holistic picture the situation. Functionalism By applying a Macro theory to the case scenario it allows us to look at the large scale features of society and how individual actions affect society as a whole and vice versa. Functionalism will enable me to contemplate the structure of society and how the Bertrams fit within that structure. Functionalist theorists regard society as a system with interlocking parts. It is believed that each part needs to function effectively in order for society, as a system, to work as a whole. It is often rationalised using biological analogy. The social role of individuals is an integral part of the theory. Each person is thought to have their individual role to play within society. From a functionalist perspective it is very clear that Mrs Bertram is not fulfilling her role as a wife. Due to her alzemers she is unable to carry out the duties that would have been expected of her. Durkheim believed that everyone had their place, and a womans place was in the home. In the context of the 40s, 50s wh en Functionalism was at its peak, this viewpoint would not have been uncommon, if a little out-dated by todays standards. None the less, it is not through choice that she has become dysfunctional within society. She has legitimate claim for not being able to carry out her societal role and Functionalism would automatically see her take on the sick role. This would enable her to function again within the system under a different guise. It could also be observed that Mr Bertram is a dysfunctional member of society. With his reckless behaviour, his outrageous spending, and the lack of care for his wifes basic needs he is no longer fulfilling his role of husband. A main proponent of Functionalism was Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). He saw marital vows as obligations. When I perform my duties as a brother, a husband or a citizen and carry out the commitments I have entered into, I fulfil obligations which are defined in law and custom which are external to myself and my actions (Durkheim, 1982). He believed that if a member of society was deemed as dysfunctional, then he was considered to be a deviant member of society. Deviance occurs when people are not functioning correctly, according to the norm. This could be through crime, or anything which affects their ability to carry out their societal role. Deviance needs to be controlled or managed. If it was established that Mr Bertram was in fact deviant then he may need some persuading that by providing the care and attention that his wife needs his wife would not be removed from the situation. Through this resolution, therefore, they would both be able to function appropriately. It could be observed that Mr Bertram had an alcohol dependency. If this was established then Mr Bertram too may take on the sick role. In which case a different method for resolving the issues within the house would need to be adopted. Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) believed that sickness was a social concept rather than a biological concept. So being ill meant acting in different, deviant ways to the norm. Being sick was therefore a form of social role (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Parsons believed the rights of a sick person to be exemption from normal social obligations, the right to be looked after and blamed for their social deviance as long as they were genuinely sick. Obligations of a person playing the sick role would be to understand that they have to get well as soon as possible in order to continue their normal function and in order to do this they must receive professional help. Mr Bertrams condition would need to be treated or managed in order to enable him to function ag ain. In that case Mr and Mrs Bertram would be able to stay at home under treatment and the issues about care could be dealt with accordingly. He would no longer be considered deviant member of society. A criticism of the sick role would be that it is very difficult to apply to long term illness like that of Mrs Bertram. It is built on the assumption that the person gain help in order to gain function. This would not be possible for Mrs Bertram. Feminism From a Radical Feminist perspective it could be observed that Mrs Bertram has been oppressed by her husband. Through her devotion and his dominance she has succumb to subordination. Radical Feminists use the patriarchal social system as a concept to explain gender inequality. Patriarchy is the dominance of men over women in society. They view men as responsible for the exploitation of women from which they benefit greatly, through free domestic labour, sexual duties and so on. The case study describes how Mrs Bertram was swept off of her feet and totally devoted to Mr Bertram. In their current situation, Mrs Bertram is at home in squalled conditions and desperately in need of help. Mr Bertram is avoiding the situation by using diversionary tactic, selfishly seeking social activity and pleasure through drink. This further increases her oppression as she is fully dependent on her husband to provide the care and attention which she is desperately in need of. Shulamith Firestone, an early radical feminist writer argues that men control womens roles in re-production and child bearing. Because women are biologically able to give birth to children, they become more dependent materially on men for protection and livelihood (Giddens, 2006). Feminists could argue that for this reason Mrs Bertram has become vulnerable within her setting and just accepts this way of life. Jessie Bernard argued that Men need marriage more than women (pg 208 Gender). Perhaps this reliance on the domestic labour, comfort and sexual duties of a wife, which has been lost my Mr Bertram through his wifes condition is attributing to his behaviour. Mrs Bertram is no longer fulfilling her duties as a wife and this could be disrupting his routine. It would appear that Mr Bertram has never had to control the household, take care of his wife or finances, and may lack the ability or may simply consider it beneath him. It could affect his masculinity to have to carry out such c hores and duties believed to be part of a womans role. This may also be the reason why he is reluctant to accept help with the situation. He may feel he is being barraged and dictated to by his step daughters which may be resulting in a greater defiance. It is not clear from the case study, the nature of their relationship either. He may feel that family and professionals are undermining his authority as head of the household. Mr Bertram may be compensating for his lack of masculinity at home, by using his social appearance, bravado, drinking and defiance. This time away from the house for him may reaffirm his role as a dominant male within society whilst his dominant role as a man disappears at home. He no longer has command over his wife, no longer gets respect, adoration that he was once used to. Men are considered to have more influence within society; Mr Bertram has no influence over this situation or over his wife. Part 2: Using the scenario describe two psychological theories that can be used to help your understanding of the service users situation Humanistic theory Maslows hierarchy of needs Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) argued that humans throughout life not only want to have their basic survival needs met they strive for more in terms of personal growth. He believed that once basic needs for survival had been met that human development progressed toward higher psychological needs. He argued that people are motivated by the conscious desire for personal growth (Rathus, 2004). Maslow believed what separated us from our so-called lower animals was our capacity for self-actualisation (Rathus,2004). He believed that this self- actualisation was as important as basic needs but could not be met unless other stages of human needs were completed. He organised these stages into the hierarchy of needs, often presented in pyramid format. Each stage must be satisfied in order to progress to the next. At the bottom of the hierarchy are physiological needs. These are the basic human needs we all have in order to survive, like food, water, shelter, oxygen. Once t he first basic need has been satisfied, the following stage is safety needs, the need for security. The following stage in the hierarchy is love and belonging; the need to give and receive love, to overcome loneliness and achieve a sense of belonging in life. The fourth stage is Esteem needs; to feel self-confident, respected and not to feel inferior. Self-actualisation is the final stage in the hierarchy and can only be reached when all foregoing needs are satisfied and the person feels he has achieved everything he wants to in life and is the best that he can be. In the case of the Bertrams it is clear that Mrs Bertram is currently not even meeting the bottom of Maslows hierarchy of needs. It is noted that their flat is in an appalling state, she is unable to feed herself and left on her own for most of the day. You would expect most of her needs to be met within the context of her marriage to Mr Bertram; however, since he has neglected his role as a husband, he has placed her in a position of significant danger. Since not even her basic physiological needs are being met in the current situation then at present there would not be an opportunity to progress through the hierarchy of needs. If Mrs Bertram was placed in residential care then her physiological needs would be met. She would have food, water and care of her basic needs. She could then perhaps progress to the following stage of safety. She would no longer be at risk of hurting herself and she would be in a more secure environment. Although it could be argued that for an advance Alzheimers sufferer, the unfamiliar setting would disorientate her and she might not actually feel secure there. Because of her diagnosis, Mrs Bertram is unlikely to meet the third stage of love and belongingness. Her advanced Alzheimers may mean that she fails to recognise her husband, family members and have a declining ability to communicate. Mrs Bertram would never reach self-actualisation. The best that could be achieved would be basic survival and safety needs, whether this was achieved at home with the compliance of her husband, or in residential care. Although it could be debated that residential care would not be the best opt ion. As the GP states in the case scenario, a move to residential care might well kill Mrs Bertram. It would appear from the case scenario that Mr Bertrams basic needs are being fulfilled. However it is uncertain as to whether his s safety and security needs are being met. He certainly would not get a sense of love and belonging from his wife, in the latter stages of sever dementia. I would observe, however, there is some attempt from Mr Bertram to achieve a sense of self-esteem, since he spends the majority of his time with his compatriots at the golf club. It is clear that in this relationship and the current situation faced by the Bertrams that he too has no way of reaching self-actualisation. Maslow observes that it is mainly social factors that hinder the personal growth of humans. Potentially at least the first two stages of Maslows hierarchy could be reached within the context of their marriage, with the right services in place. Psychodynamic theory Through the Psychodynamic theory of personality we could speculate about Mr Bertrams past and how that has influence on his behaviour in the present. It would be difficult to achieve a comprehensive result in regards to Mrs Bertram because of her Alzheimers. Since her behaviour is wholly attributed to her condition. Studying Sigmund Freuds (1856 1939) theories, with a focus on psychosexual development, would be the most relevant to apply to the case scenario. Psychodynamic theory had been developed and evolved over the years. Freuds idea of Psychodynamic theory depicted humans as largely driven by unconscious motives and desires. He proclaimed that humans come into conflict when their basic instincts come up against social pressure to follow, laws or moral codes. At first this conflict is external, but as we develop it becomes internalised (Rathus, 2004). Freud explains the conflict of personality using psychic structures. The id, which Freud believed is present at birth and located in the unconscious mind, and revolves around our basic biological drives and instincts. It operates on what Freud called the pleasure principle. It demands instant gratification regardless of laws or moral rules. Another feature in the structure of personality is the ego. Formed from the id, developed through learni ng and experience. This is the part where conscious thought takes place (Beckett and Taylor, 2010). The ego operates on the reality principle. This takes into consideration what is practical and possible in gratifying needs (Rathus, 2004). When the ego senses improper impulses arsing it can sometimes deploy a number of defence mechanisms. The third psychic structure is the superego. This is formed throughout early childhood and is developed through standards, values, parenting and moral standards. Psychodynamic theory emphasises the way in which the mind stimulates behavior, and both mind and behavior influence and are influenced by the persons social environment (Payne, 2005) Freud believed there were four stages in psychosexual development. The first stage took place during the first year of a childs life. This is known as the oral stage. Much of the childs development is explored by putting things into the mouth and sucking, biting chewing. Freud believed it was possible to have arrested development through trauma. And be fixated on one of the stages. From the case study we could surmise that Mr Bertram is fixated on the oral stage of psychosexual development through his drinking. We could speculate that he may have had a significant trauma at that stage which has left him with a possible alcohol dependency, thus fixated on the oral stage. It could perhaps be identified that Mr Bertram is using psychological defence mechanisms in order to avoid the situation that he is currently facing. Part 3: Reflect on your own background describe it and indicate 1 sociological and 1 psychological theory that can be applied to you, giving examples The relationship I have with my father has often been fraught, difficult and tense. As a sufferer of a severe mental disorder, my father has often displayed irrational, delusional, paranoid and sometimes violent behaviour. Throughout his life he has had frequent hospitalisation. For me this is something I have grown up with and am used to dealing with on a day to day basis. I am acutely aware of how our relationship differs to that of my friends for example. I have as close a relationship as possible with him, and to that end I usually bear the brunt of his paranoia and aggression when he is unwell. I have witnessed first-hand the stigma attached to mental illness. I find it extremely difficult to trust anyone enough to tell them about the situation, and I strongly feel I shouldnt have to tell everyone that meets him, this only leads to labelling him as mentally ill, thus changing the way in which they treat him; which only compounds his paranoia. Some Sociological theorists believe that mental illness is a social construction in order to rationalise bizarre or irrational behaviour that cannot be in any other way explained. This is known as labelling theory. Scheff (1966) argued that people are labelled as mentally ill because their behaviour does not make sense to others. Scheff points out that labelling of a person as mentally ill is facilitated by stereotyped imagery learned in early childhood and continually reaffirmed, inadvertently, in ordinary social interaction and through the mass media. Thus, when a persons violation of social norms or deviance becomes a public issue, the traditional stereotype of crazy person is readily adopted both by those reacting to the deviant person and, often, by the deviant person as well (Lamb. 2002). Erving Goffman suggests that when someone is labelled as mentally ill then they are treated differently. When an interaction takes place with that person it is with this knowledge of the menta l illness, therefore creating what Goffman called a spurious interaction (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). From a behaviourist view, Schizophrenia could be viewed as a kind of learned behaviour. From this perspective, people engage in schizophrenic behaviour when it is more likely to be reinforced than normal behaviour (Rathus, 2004). This could be the result of being raised in an unrewarding or punitive situation. It could also be observed that this kind of behaviour is reinforced within the hospital setting, where the schizophrenic behaviour is reinforced through attention from professionals within that setting. Cognitive theory argues that behavior is affected by perception or interpretation of the environment during the process of learning. Apparently inappropriate behavior must therefore arise from misinterpretation. Therapy tries to correct the misunderstanding, so that our behavior reacts appropriately to the environment (Payne, 2006) I believe the experiences I have had with my father give me the ability to understand mental illness without stigmatising. It also helps me empathise with the sufferer and the family. An empathetic approach to someone who was hearing voices for example, would be to understand that to the person affect, they are very real. I fully understand the importance of having the right services in place in order for that person to thrive. My experience allows me to observe the wider context of a situation and realise that it is not only the primary sufferer of the condition that is affected. The wider family needs to be considered as they have a huge role to play in the well-being of the person concerned.